Girona
Elevation	+76 m (249 ft)
Area code(s)	972
Website	http://www.girona.cat/

Girona (Catalan pronunciation: [ʒiˈɾonə], Spanish: Gerona; often spelt Gerona in English, especially until the 20th century) is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Güell.

It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès. The recorded population in 2008 was 94,484.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Ecclesiastical history 3 Climate 4 Sights 5 Sports 6 Education 7 Transport 7.1 Road 7.2 Public Transport 7.3 Train 7.4 Airport 8 Notable people 9 Town twinning 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources and external links

 History

The first inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda, a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of Gerunda. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors. Finally, Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original countships of Catalonia. Thus it was wrested temporarily from the Moors, who were driven out finally in 1015. Guifré I incorporated Girona to the countship of Barcelona in 878. Alfonso I of Aragón declared Girona to be a city in the 11th century. The ancient countship later became a duchy (1351) when king Pere III d' Aragón gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, Joan. In 1414, King Ferran I in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, Alfonso. The title is currently carried by Prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the first since the 16th century to do so.

The 12th century saw a flourishing of the Jewish community of Girona, with one of the most important Kabbalistic schools in Europe. The Rabbi of Girona, Moshe ben Nahman Gerondi (better known as Nahmanides or Ramban) was appointed Great Rabbi of Catalonia. The history of the Jewish community of Girona ended in 1492, when the Catholic Kings expelled all the Jews from Catalonia. Today, the Jewish ghetto or Call is one of the best preserved in Europe and is a major tourist attraction. On the north side of the old city is the Montjuïc (or hill of the Jews in medieval Catalan), where an important religious cemetery was located.

Girona has undergone twenty-five sieges and been captured seven times. It was besieged by the French royal armies under Marshal Hocquisicourt in 1653, under Marshal Bellefonds in 1684, and twice in 1694 under de Noailles. In May, 1809, it was besieged by 35,000 French Napoleonic troops under Vergier, Augereau and St. Cyr, and held out obstinately under the leadership of Alvarez until disease and famine compelled it to capitulate, 12 December. Finally, the French conquered the city in 1809, after 7 months of siege. Girona was center of Ter department during French rule between 1809-1813. The defensive city walls were demolished at the end of the 19th century to allow for the expansion of the city. In recent years, the missing parts of the city walls on the eastern side of the city have been reconstructed. Called the Passeig de la Muralla it now forms a tourist route around the old city.

 Ecclesiastical history

The Diocese of Girona in Catalonia, suffragan of the archbishopric of Tarragona, is bounded on the north by the Pyrenees, on the south and east by the Mediterranean and on the west by the dioceses of Barcelona and Vic.

It is said that the apostles Paul and James, on their arrival in the Iberian Peninsula, first preached Christianity there^{[citation needed]}, and tradition also has it that St. Maximus, a disciple of St. James, was the first bishop of the district. It is generally held that the see was erected in 247^{[dubious – discuss][citation needed]}. On 18 June, 517, a synod convened here was attended by the Archbishop of Tarragona and six bishops; canons were promulgated dealing with the recitation of the Divine Office, infant baptism and the celibacy of the clergy.

About 885 Bishop Ingobert of Urgell was expelled from his see by the intruder Selva, who, under the protection of the Count of Urgell, was consecrated in Gascony. This usurper also unlawfully placed Hermemiro over the see of Girona. In 892 a synod was held in the Church of Santa Maria in Urgell; the two usurpers were deposed, their vestments rent, their crosiers broken over their heads, and they were deprived of their sacerdotal faculties.

A council held in Lleida in 1246 absolved James I of Aragon from the sacrilege of cutting out the tongue of the Bishop of Girona. Another synod at Girona in 1078 affirmed the nullity of simoniacal ordinations.

Honoured with papal prerogatives relating to the pilgrim routes to Santiago de Compostela, the Church of Le Puy assumed a sort of informal primacy in respect to most of the Churches of France, and even of Christendom, manifesting itself practically in a 'right to beg', established with the authorization of the Holy See, in virtue of which the chapter of Le Puy levied a veritable tax upon almost all the Christian countries to support its hospital of Notre-Dame. In Catalonia this droit de quête, recognized by Spanish Crown, was so thoroughly established that the chapter had its collectors permanently installed in that country. A famous "fraternity" existed between the chapter of Le Puy and that of Girona in Catalonia. The earliest document in which it is mentioned dates only from 1470, and it involves that at this date the chapter of Girona, in order to escape the financial thraldom which bound it, like many Catalonian Churches, to the chapter of Le Puy, alleged its "fraternity" involving its equality—with the Church of Le Puy. In 1479 and in 1481 Pierre Bouvier, a canon of Le Puy, came to Girona, where the canons invoked against him a legend according to which Charlemagne had taken Girona, rebuilt its cathedral, given it a canon of Le Puy for a bishop, and established a fraternity between chapters of Girona and Le Puy. Based on this legend they appealed to the liturgical Office which they chanted for the feast of Charlemagne—an Office, dating from 1345, but in which they had recently inserted these tales of the Church of LePuy. In 1484 Sixtus IV prohibited the use of this Office, whereupon there appeared at Girona the "Tractatus de captione Gerunde", reaffirming the Girona legend about the fraternity with Le Puy. Down to the last days of the old regime the two chapters frequently exchanged courtesies; canons of Le Puy passing through Girona and canons of Girona passing through Le Puy enjoyed special privileges. In 1883 the removal by the Bishop of Girona of the statue of Charlemagne from that cathedral marked the definitive collapse of the whole fabric of legends out of which the hermandad (brotherhood) between Le Puy and Girona had grown.

 Climate

Girona has a mild climate. The winters are cold and the summers are hot. In winter temperatures can drop to below -5°C (23°F) sometimes due to winds coming from the Pyrenees. In the summer temperatures do usually soar to about 30-40°C (86-104°F) in the high season of July & August. Rain is very common in winter and spring and thunderstorms can come often. Frost is very common in winter making temperatures seem colder than they actually are.

 

[hide]Weather averages for Girona
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °F	45	46	54	61	68	81	86	88	84	68	52	46	64
Average low °F	32	37	39	45	52	57	59	61	57	48	39	34	46
Average high °C	7	8	12	16	20	27	30	31	29	20	11	8	18
Average low °C	0	3	4	7	11	14	15	16	14	9	4	1	8
Source: {{{accessdate}}}

 Sights

The ancient portion of the city with its once-formidable fortifications stands on the steep hill of the Capuchins, while the more modern section is in the plain and stretches beyond the river. The bastions of the walls which have withstood so many sieges are still to be seen.

The ancient cathedral, which stood on the site of the present one, was used by the Moors as a mosque, and after their final expulsion was either entirely remodelled or rebuilt. The present edifice is one of the noblest monuments of the school of the Majorcan architect Jaume Fabre and one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in Spain. It is approached by eighty-six steps. An aisle and chapels surround the choir, which opens by three arches into the nave, of which the pointed stone vault is the widest in Christendom (73 feet). Among its interior decorations is a retable which is the work of the Valencian silversmith Pere Bernec. It is divided into three tiers of statuettes and reliefs, framed in canopied niches of cast and hammered silver. A gold and silver altar-frontal was carried off by the French in 1809. The cathedral contains the tombs of Ramon Berenger and his wife.

The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu is also architecturally noteworthy. Its style is fourteenth-century Gothic, the façade dating from the eighteenth, and it is one of the few Spanish churches which possesses a genuine spire. It contains, besides the sepulchre of its patron and the tomb of the valiant Álvarez, a chapel dedicated to St. Narcissus, who according to tradition was one of the early bishops of the see.

The Benedictine church of Sant Pere de Galligants is in Romanesque style of an early date.

Most traces of Girona's rich Jewish history were wiped out when the Jews were expelled from Spain (see Spanish expulsion), however some remain. On Carrer de Sant Llorenc, the doorway of an old building has a rectangular indentation which once held a mezuzah. Further along is the Centre Bonastruc ça Porta and the Catalan Jewish Museum. The Bonastruc ça Porta project started in the 1970s, when it became fashionable to renovate properties in the old town. Clearing away nearly 700 years of construction, Jose Tarres, a local restaurateur, discovered the remains of what turned out to be the medieval yeshiva founded by Nahmanides.

The city has a number of relevant Art Nouveau buildings including the Farinera Teixidor by Rafael Masó.

 Sports

During the professional cycling season, various non-European pro cyclists have called Girona home, as illustrated in the book Inside the Postal Bus by Michael Barry, written during his time with the US Postal Service cycling team. Between races, cyclists do their training rides outside the city, which provides excellent training terrain.

In the Spring of 1997 Marty Jemison, Tyler Hamilton and George Hincapie moved to Girona as teammates of the US Postal Service Professional Cycling Team. This was the first year that American cyclists started living in Girona and meeting for training rides at the Pont de Pedra. Later, other well-known professional cyclists such as Lance Armstrong came to live in the city.

Football is also widely popular. The local Football club is Girona FC, currently playing in the Spanish Segunda División after promotion in the 2007-08 season in the playoffs. Its stadium is Estadi Montilivi.

 Education

The city is the home of the Universitat de Girona.

 Transport

 Road

The town is on the Autopista AP-7 and N-II. The city is also the hub of the local road network with routes to the coast and inland towards the Pyrenees.

 Public Transport

The city has a comprehensive local bus service. There are also services to the other towns in the Girona province.

 Train

Girona is served by the mainline from Barcelona to Portbou and the French Frontier. The journey time to Barcelona is approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. A station on the new AVE Madrid-Barcelona-Avignon high-speed rail line is currently being built (2009).

 Airport

Main article: Girona-Costa Brava Airport

The town's airport, Girona-Costa Brava, is 10 km south of the town centre. It has grown tremendously in recent years principally as a result of Ryanair choosing it as one of their European hubs. Whilst the airport has been used since the early 1980s for charter flights, holidaymakers and other travellers now have a wider range of scheduled flights available from a number of destinations across Europe.

Girona Airport is a 15 minute bus ride from the bus teminal & train station in Girona city and an hour from Barcelona centre, 92 km to the south. Most low cost airlines mention "Barcelona" in their descriptions of Girona airport. The bus stops in the centre of Barcelona, in Estacio d'Autobusos Barcelona Nord, Barcelona's main bus terminal.

 Notable people

The ski mountaineering siblings Cristina and Jordi Bes Ginesta were born in Girona.

 Town twinning

• Reggio Emilia, Italy (1982)
• Albi, France (1985)
• Bluefields, Nicaragua (1987)
• Perpignan, France (1988)
• Farsia, Wilaya of Smara, Western Sahara (1997)
• Nueva Gerona, Cuba (under negotiation since 1991)
• Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America (currently pending agreement - negotiation started in 2006)

 See also

• Prince of Girona
• La Girona
• Girona's Cathedral
• List of mayors of Girona

 References

 

 Sources and external links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Girona

• City Council of Girona
• History of the coat-of-arms of Girona
• Universitat de Girona
• Girona Airport website
• Girona Map

Thai Airways International Public Company Limited (Thai: การบินไทย)(SET: THAI) is the national air carrier of Thailand, operating out of Suvarnabhumi Airport, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance network. It is headquartered in Bangkok^[3]. Thai Airways International is a major shareholder which hold 39% shares of Nok Air - a low-cost Bangkok based carrier. The airline also operates one of the longest non-stop commercial flights, including the 18 hours non-stop flight from Bangkok to Los Angeles. Skytrax awarded Thai Airways International 'Worlds Best Cabin Staff and The Best Airline in the World' in 2006, while placing second in the 'Airline of the Year' category in 2007.^[4]. Thai Airways International's first class lounge at Suvarnabhumi Airport was awarded by Skytrax as the world's best first class lounge again in 2009.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Destinations 3 Corporate image 4 Fleet 5 Cabin Services 5.1 Royal First Class 5.2 Royal Silk (Business) Class 5.3 Premium Economy Class 5.4 Economy Class 6 Royal Orchid Plus 7 Codeshare agreements 8 Incidents and accidents 9 References 10 See also 11 External links

[edit] History

THAI started as Thai Airways International, a joint venture between Scandinavian Airlines System or SAS which initially held a 30% share capital of 2 million Baht, along with a domestic carrier, Thai Airways Company (Thai: เดินอากาศไทย). SAS helped THAI in managing, marketing and operating its business.

On 1 April 1977, after 17 years of capital participation by SAS, the Thai government bought out the remaining 15% of SAS-owned shares and THAI became an airline fully owned by the Thai government.

The carrier's first flight was on 1 May 1960. Flights were operated to nine overseas Asian destinations out of Bangkok. The first intercontinental services started in 1971 to Australia, then to Europe in 1972 and North America in 1980.

On 1 April 1988, Thai Airways Company or TAC, which was the operator of all domestic flights, and Thai Airways merged to form the present company, Thai Airways International.^[5]

On 25 June 1991, THAI listed its shares on the Stock Exchange of Thailand and offered them to the public. The THAI public offering of shares is the largest ever undertaken in the country.

The arrival of the A340-500 and A340-600 coincided with a change to the airline's image, including a new livery and a revised font for the title "THAI".

On 1 May 2005, the airline began a nonstop Bangkok-New York service (TG790/791) with a new A340-500. The New York-bound flight time was 16 hours 55 minutes and Bangkok-bound flight time was 17 hours 10 minutes. Routing from New York/JFK was via Bergen; Oslo; Stockholm; the Baltic States; south of Moscow; Kabul; south of Delhi and on into Bangkok. Routing from Bangkok/BKK was north over Laos and Vietnam; then over China and into Siberia; north to a very short crossing of the Chukchi Sea to near Nome, Alaska; east past Cambridge Bay and the southern end of the Northwest passage; then southeast over Hudson Bay to a point between Ottawa and Montreal and finally over the Adirondacks and the Hudson Valley down into JFK.

Citing very high fuel costs, Thai discontinued the JFK service as of July 1, 2008, even though the airline had been able to fill 80% of the seats, leaving LAX as the only Thai Airways destination in the United States. ^[6]

After achieved profitability for the last 40 years, THAI made a loss for the first time in 2008 at around 21 billion Baht on high fuel costs and Thailand's political situation.^[7]

Thai Airways has announced that it is trying to sell its fleet of four Airbus A340-500 aircraft which was used to fly between Bangkok and New York, but has not yet done so due to the world economic crisis and the weak market for an aircraft with a relatively high seat-mile-cost. The Airbus A340-500s are now being used for flights between Bangkok and Oslo and the planes will not be sold.

[edit] Destinations

[edit] Corporate image

Thai Airways is one of the few airline with a uniform change policy. International female flight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits (for use outside the cabin) into their traditional Thai dress (as seen on the company's marketing campaigns) prior to the general boarding of passengers. They are also required to change back into the former prior to disembarkation. Cabin crew of other nationality other than Thai, are not allowed to wear the traditional Thai dress.

[edit] Fleet

The Thai Airways International fleet consists of the following aircraft as of September 2009:^[8]

Thai Airways International Fleet

Aircraft	Total	Orders	Options	Passengers (First/Royal Silk/Premium Economy/Economy)	Routes	Notes
Airbus A300-600R	17	0	0	247 (0/46/0/201) 261 (0/28/0/233) 260 (0/28/0/232)	Short-medium haul Asia
Airbus A330-300	15	5	4	305 (0/42/0/263) 299 (0/36/0/263)	Medium haul Asia and Oceania
Airbus A340-500	4	0	0	215 (0/60/42/113)	Long haul Oslo Ultra-long haul Los Angeles
Airbus A340-600	6	0	0	267 (8/60/0/199)	Long haul Europe - Asia
Airbus A380-800	0	6	0	501	Long haul Europe - Asia
ATR 72	2	0	0	66 (0/0/0/66)	Short haul Asia
Boeing 737-400	9	0	0	150 (0/12/0/138)	Short haul Asia
Boeing 747-400	18	0	0	389 (14/50/0/325) 375 (10/40/0/325)	Long haul Europe - Asia Short haul Chiang Mai and Phuket
Boeing 777-200	8	0	0	309 (0/30/0/279)	Medium haul Asia
Boeing 777-200ER	6	0	0	292 (0/30/0/262)	Long haul Asia, Oceania and Europe
Boeing 777-300	6	0	0	388 (0/49/0/339) 364 (0/34/0/330)	Medium haul Asia and Oceania
Total	91	11	4

 

• The average age of the Thai fleet was 10.5 years at December 2007.^{[citation needed]}

• Thai has ordered six Airbus A380-800 aircraft, which would initially planned to be delivered in October 2010 and June 2011 for use on services to Frankfurt, Paris and London where frequencies cannot yet be increased. Thai has now reportedly concluded negotiations with Airbus in order to postpone the first deliveries until 2012, and the remaining until 2013^[9].

• Airbus A300-600R will start to retire in 2008-2010, Thai will acquire eight A330-300 as replacement aircraft for delivery starting in 2009.^{[citation needed]}

• The airline has a plan to retire 47 planes, and buy 65 in 10 years, Thai plans to lease 14 Boeing 787-9, and buy 20 Airbus A321 planes.^{[citation needed]}

• Because of the delayed Boeing 787-9 program, Thai may not be able to acquire the Boeing 787-9 fleet before 2012; hence, a plan to lease more A330-300 or Boeing 777s is being considered.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Cabin Services

Thai has four travel classes: Royal First, Royal Silk, Premium Economy and Economy.

[edit] Royal First Class

The new Royal First Class was introduced with the arrival of the Airbus A340-600. It offers 8 single flat-beds seats. Thai's retrofitted 12 Boeing 747-400s are also equipped with this B/E Aerospace seat which mostly serves Europe and some intra-Asian flights. The new seats are equipped with lumbar massage and personal 10.4" touch screen with AVOD and IFE system. Passenger on Royal First class can pick from 22 different meal choices, which they can pre-order before they fly.

[edit] Royal Silk (Business) Class

The new Royal Silk Class was introduced with the arrival of Airbus A340-500. The new shell, angled lie-flat business class seats are installed on 12 Boeing 747-400 aircraft, two Boeing 777-300 aircraft, all Boeing 777-200 aircraft, all Boeing 777-200ER aircraft and all Airbus A340 aircraft. The pitch is 60"-62" between seats and the width is 20"-21.5". When fully reclined (electrically adjusted) the seat becomes completely flat, however it is angled. The seat can perform lumbar massage. All seats are equipped with a 10.4" or 15" (newer version) touch screen and AVOD and IFE system.

[edit] Premium Economy Class

The new Premium Economy Class is only available on intercontinental flights between Bangkok and Los Angeles and Oslo on Airbus A340-500 aircraft. The fare for Premium Economy Class is slightly higher than those of Economy. Premium Economy seating is configured as 2-3-2 rather than the standard 2-4-2 in Economy. Seat pitch is increased to 42", 135 degree angle of recline and the seat features a leg-rest. Premium Economy class passengers also have more choices over their meal selection. All seats of Premium Economy class are equipped with AVOD and IFE with a 9" touch screen.

On some long-haul routes such as Bangkok – Copenhagen, Bangkok – Stockholm, aircraft with previous generation Business Class seats are used; therefore the seats are sold under Premium Economy Class fare.

[edit] Economy Class

The seat pitch in the Economy cabin offers passengers up to 36" pitch in select aircraft as well as 34" on all the other aircraft. Seat rows are configured in a 3-3-3 configuration in Boeing 777-200, 777-300 and 777-200ER aircraft, 2-4-2 in Airbus A340-500, A340-600, A330-300 and A300-600 aircraft, 3-4-3 in Boeing 747-400 aircraft and 3-3 in Boeing 737-400 aircraft. All Economy seats in Airbus A340-500, Airbus A340-600, Airbus A330-300 (HS-TEN, HS-TEO and HS-TEP), Boeing 777-200ER and Boeing 777-300 (HS-TKA, HS-TKB, HS-TKC and HS-TKF) have individual Audio-Video On Demand (AVOD) 9" touch screen. AVOD will be added to the Economy cabins of the remaining 777-300 fleet between December 2008 and August 2009. THAI's newer A330-300 aircraft will include AVOD in the Economy cabins when they join the fleet in 2009 and 2010.

[edit] Royal Orchid Plus

Thai Airways International's Royal Orchid Plus is the airline's frequent flyer program. It has a membership of over two million members.

Earning miles

There are two types of mile which can be earned towards a Royal Orchid Plus account.

Firstly, Eligible Qualifying Miles (EQM) this type of mile is earned on:

• Thai Airways flights
• TG codeshare flights on routes departing from/to Bangkok (Malaysian Airlines, Emirates Airlines, El Al Israel Airlines and China Eastern Airlines)
• Star Alliance flights
• Jet Airways flights

Qualifying Miles (Q Miles) are the miles flown and additional class of service miles on Thai and Star Alliance airlines. Royal Orchid Plus miles are earned based on the paid class of travel.

Secondly, Partner Miles are earned from non-airline partners, such as hotels.

Status Tiers

There are three tiers in the Royal Orchid Plus program

• Member – entry-level status
• Silver – requires 10,000 Q Miles in one calendar year or 15,000 Q Miles from the date of enrolment up to 31 December of the next complete calendar year
• Gold – requires 50,000 Q Miles in one calendar year, 80,000 Q Miles from the date of enrolment up to 31 December of the next complete calendar year, or 40 international flown sectors on THAI within any 1 calendar year.

[edit] Codeshare agreements

Thai Airways International codeshares with the following airlines:

• (*A) = Star Alliance Member

[edit] Incidents and accidents

• 31 July 1992 – Flight 311, an Airbus A310-304 hit the side of a hill 23 miles north of Kathmandu while descending towards Tribhuvan International Airport from Bangkok. All 113 on board (99 passengers and 14 crew) died. The accident was caused by technical faults (with flaps and a possible second unknown fault), pilot error and lack of equipment at TIA at the time (no radar).^[10]
• 11 December 1998 – Flight 261, an A310-200, bound for Surat Thani from Bangkok, during its third landing attempt in heavy rain, crashed into a rice paddy about 2 miles from Surat Thani airport; 102 of 143 aboard were killed.^[11]
• 3 March 2001 – Flight 114, a Boeing 737-400, bound for Chiang Mai from Bangkok, was destroyed by an explosion of the center wing tank resulting from ignition of the flammable fuel/air mixture in the tank while the aircraft was parked, pre-boarding, on the ground. The source of the ignition energy for the explosion could not be determined with certainty, but the most likely source was an explosion originating at the center wing tank pump as a result of running the pump in the presence of metal shavings and a fuel/air mixture.^[12]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Nok Air

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Thai Airways International

• Official website
• Thai Airways USA
• Ministry of Transport of Thailand official website

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